Performance of the contract of sale automatically comes into play any time the ownership of goods or products transfers from one person or legal entity to another in the form of a sale.
A sale of goods contract is automatically created whenever a good or product is sold. The resulting contract imposes the duties that are required of both parties involved:
If either of the involved parties fails in carrying out his or her respective duties under the contract's terms, the resulting consequences can have adverse effects. When it comes to performing a sale of goods contract, there are three general dimensions. These dimensions are outlined in the Sale of Goods Act of 1983, specifically in section 27, which states it is the seller's duty to deliver the purchased goods and it is the buyer's duty to pay for and accept them. These duties are in accordance with the contract of sale that comes into play when the transaction begins.
Simply put, the three dimensions of performing a sale of goods contract are as follows:
Note that these elements do not need to happen in any particular order. They each deserve further individual consideration in their own right. In the event the claim is made that a sale of goods contract has been performed, it doesn't matter in what order these three events have occurred. It only matters that they have all three, in fact, taken place. In other words, to make a valid claim that a sale of goods contract has been performed:
If one or more of these events has not occurred, a sale of goods contract has not been performed. These requirements can be seen in written law by referring back to section 27 in the Sale of Goods Act of 1983 that states the seller is required to deliver the goods in question and the buyer is required to pay for and accept those goods.
Again, however, the law does not have a specific requirement regarding the order in which these criteria are met. A typical sale will play out in order as follows:
If the sale plays out in a different order, though, the only thing that matters from a legal standpoint is that all three requirements are met.
Delivery of goods happens when one person or legal entity voluntarily transfers the possession of goods to another. There are no specific requirements surrounding how to determine when delivery of goods has occurred. Instead, it is left up to the involved parties to agree on what will be considered as delivery. By default, delivery results in the goods ending up in the possession of the buyer or some other person or entity who the buyer authorizes to receive the goods on his or her behalf.
Actual delivery refers to the act of physically transferring the goods from the seller's possession to the buyer's. Alternatively, an agent acting on behalf of the seller can make this delivery to an agent acting on behalf of the buyer. When goods are large or bulky, it's not uncommon for the seller to provide what is known as "symbolic delivery." For instance, if a large amount of lumber is sitting in a warehouse, delivering a key to that warehouse has the same effect as physically delivering the lumber.
However, the key must provide the buyer with total access to the goods he or she has purchased. Say, for example, the delivered key provides access to the specific section of the warehouse where the lumber is located, but the buyer is unable to get into the warehouse itself. Then, a valid delivery has not occurred.
There is a third type of delivery that may come into play without making any changes to actual or visible possession of the goods in question. Say, for instance, the goods involved in the sale are possessed by a third party. If that third party acknowledges they are now holding goods on behalf of the buyer and not the seller, a "constructive delivery" has occurred.
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